Nicotine

Isolation of Nicotine

You will need litmus paper, acid (such as "muriatic" [hydrochloric] or sulfuric), base (lye is good), and a nonpolar solvent (benzene, toluene, or xylene are all good.)
This is a simple acid/base extraction that is pretty standard for alkaloids (of which nicotine is one.) It will yield pure crystal nicotine HCl. If you use sulfuric acid then you will get nicotine sulfate. Both are salts of nicotine and are pharmacologically similar. The average cigarette contains 1 milligram of nicotine, so keep that in mind when dosing your final product with crystal. Nicotine is a very potent drug! It only takes a few milligrams to make someone sick.
Here it is:

1) Take tobacco and mix it with distilled water. Make the tobacco water acidic to litmus paper (only a few drops of HCl needed.) Pour off the water and save it. Repeat this two or three more times, until the water is not so dark. Combine all of the water extract. Now the acidic (protonated) form of nicotine is in the water. There is also a lot of other crap there, too.

2) Add lye-water dropwise to the acidic tobacco water until the water is alkaline to litmus.

3) Add about a half volume of nonpolar solvent (benzene, toluene, xylene) to the alkaline water and gently mix. If they are mixed vigorously you will get an emulsion, which is a nightmare to separate if you don't have a centrifuge. Anyway, mix gently, such as slowly inverting the mixture in a closed bottle repeatedly. As long as two distinct layers are forming when the bubbles settle down you are in business. Pour off the top layer (the solvent.) Repeat this two more times. Combine the solvent. Now the free base nicotine is in the solvent and is relatively pure. But we need the salt of nicotine, not the free base.

4) Take about 2 volumes of distilled water and make them acidic by dropwise addition of acid. Use this water to extract out the nicotine from the solvent. By mixing the water with the solvent in the same manner described above the nicotine will now dissolve preferentially into the water. Extract out the nicotine with the acidic water 3 times. Combine the water. Now (slowly!) add dropwise lye water until the pH is neutral (7). Evaporate the water. The yellow crystals left behind are pure nicotine HCl. Protect them from light when storing as nicotine is photosensitive. Have fun!   "

Also you may try reading "Assorted Nasties" by David Harber which is a step by step cookbook method for extracting nicotine.

MID TEST OF CHEMICAL NATURAL PRODUCTS

NAME : CHOIRUNNISA MAYARA
NIM     : RSA1C110013

   1.  How to convert a compound of natural ingredients that do not have the potential (inactive) can be made into superior compounds that have a high potential for biological activity. Give the example.

Answer:

The way to convert a compound of natural ingredients that do not have the potential (inactive) can be made into superior compounds that have a high potential for biological activity with try it out one on one, tested with a given treatment, and activates its functional groups.

One example of the compound is glikolat acid. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol. Produced the first compound is 7-hidroksikolesterol, after several reaction steps into cholic acid. This last compound has been activated by KoASH and then reacts with glycine changed to glikolat acid

   2.  Explain how the idea of a compound of natural ingredients that have a high biological potency and prospective for the benefit of sentient beings can be synthesized in the laboratory.

Answer:

To using natural products in laboratory, we have to extract the compounds first.

It can be extracted from plant with method:

-          Distillation of water vapor : water vapor distillation of water intended for quote containing crude oil evaporates or contain chemical components that have a high boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure. In this method steam is used to sum ​​up the bulbs and a small heating the water vapor evaporates back together oil evaporated and condensed by the condenser to form the molecules of liquid drip into the funnel reservoir filled with water.

-          Solvent extraction : solvent extraction, also known as water extraction is the best method of separation and popular. The main reason is the separation can be done either in a macro or micro level. The principle of this method is based on the distribution of the solvent with a certain ratio between the two are not mutually mixed solvents, such as benzene, carbon tetrachloride or chloroform. Its limitation is the solute can be transferred to the number berbada in both phases of solvent.

-          Fat adsorption : Adsorption is a process that occurs when a fluid, liquid or gas, is bound to a solid or liquid and eventually form a thin layer or film on its surface. In contrast to an absorption of fluid absorption by other fluids by forming a solution.

   3.  Explain the basic rules in choosing a solvent for the isolation and purification of a compound of natural ingredients. Give the example for 4 classes of compounds of natural products: terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids.

Answer:

Things to consider in the process of extraction is a compound that has the same polarity will be easier interested / dissolved by the solvent that has the same polarity. Related to the polarity of the solvent, there are three classes of solvents, namely:

- Polar solvents

Having a high level of polarity, suitable to extract polar compounds from plants. Polar solvents tend to be universally used because normally though polar, can still quote the compounds with lower levels of polarity. One example is the polar solvents: water, methanol, ethanol, acetic acid.

- Solvent semipolar

Semipolar solvent polarity has a lower rate than the polar solvent. Is a good solvent for semipolar compounds from plants. Examples of these solvents are: acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform

- Nonpolar solvents

Nonpolar solvents, almost completely polar. Is a good solvent to extract the compounds did not dissolve in polar solvents. The compound is better to extract different types of oils. Example: hexane, ether

Things that should be considered in selecting the solvent is selectivity, solvent properties, the ability to extract, non-toxic, easily vaporized, and relatively easy to obtain.

   4.  Explain the basic starting point for the determination of the structure of an organic compound. eg compounds of natural ingredients is caffeine. Put forward your ideas subject matter whatever is needed to determine the overall structure

Answer:

The structure of an organic compounds can be determined with spectroscopy. There are several types of spectroscopy including:

a. Emission spectroscopy

Emission spectroscopy using a range of the electromagnetic spectrum in which a substance radiates (emits). The substance first must absorb energy. This energy can come from various sources, which specifies the name of the next emission, like luminescence. Molecular luminescence techniques include spectrofluorimetry.

b. Spectroscopies absorption

Absorption spectroscopy is a technique in which a beam of light power was measured before and after passing through a material in this technique there is the phenomenon of light absorption.

c. NMR Spectroscopy

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to the technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei. When placed in a magnetic field, NMR active nuclei (such as 1 H or 13 C) absorb the frequency characteristics of the isotope. The resonant frequency, energy absorption and the signal intensity is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. For example, in 21 tesla magnetic field, protons resonate at a frequency of 900 MHz. It is common to refer to the 21 T magnet as a 900 MHz magnet, although different nuclei resonate at different frequencies at this field strength. In the core of the earth's magnetic field resonates at the same frequency audio. This effect is used in the Earth's field NMR spectrometers and other instruments. Because these instruments are portable and inexpensive, they are often used to teach and study the field.

d. Infrared Spectroscopy

Infrared spectroscopy is one of the many tools used to identify compounds, both natural and artificial. In the field of physics of materials, such as polymeric materials, infrared is also used to characterize the sample. One obstacle that makes it difficult to identify compounds with infrared is the absence of standard rules to interpret the spectrum. Because of the complexity of interactions in the vibrations of molecules in a compound and external effects that are often difficult to control are no longer appropriate theoretical predictions. Knowledge in this case largely empirically derived and experience.

Near infrared spectroscopy (IMD) based on the effects of molecular overtone and combination vibrations. Two transition effects "forbidden" in the rules of the ban on quantum mechanics. As a result, the molar absorptivity in the near infrared region is quite small.

In caffeine, the structure can be determined with infrared spectroscopy, the typical absorption data from multiple functional groups, or by comparison with a standard IR spectrum of caffeine. From the results of spectroscopic compound then can be structured through a cluster-Sugus functions contained therein. Another method to determine the structure through mixed melting point test, the use of derivatives solids, comparison of physical properties, as well as qualitative reactions.

TERPENOIDS

TERPENOID

Terpenoids are widely distributed and are found in higher plants. Terpenoids produced by fungi, marine organisms, and insects, and plants. Terpenoids is defined as the natural product structure is divided into a number of isoprene units, as it is also called the isoprenoid compounds (C5H8). Isoprene units prepared on asaetat through mevalonic acid pathway and is associated with a carbon chain containing two unsaturated bonds.

During the preparation of terpenoids, two isoprene units condenses between the head and tail. Terpenoids are composed of two classes of monoterpenoid compound isoprene form (C10H16). Sesquiterpenes (C15H24) is composed of 3 units of isoprene, diterpenoid (C20H32) is composed of 4 units of isoprene, sesterpen (C25H40) is composed of five isoprene, triterpenoids (C30H42) is made up of 6 units of isoprene, and tetraterpen (C40H64) is composed of eight isoprene.

Biosynthesis of Terpenoids

Biosynthesis by incorporation of 3 acetyl-CoA via 2 stages into (3S)-3-hydroxyl-3-methyl-glutaril-CoA (HMG-CoA). Furthermore, the reduction occurred HMG-CoA into (3R) mevalonic acid, then going decarboxylation to form isopentenilpirpphosphate (IPP) C5 form terpenoids such as isoprene in the active form. IPP isomerization to 3,3 dimethyl allyl pyrophosphate and then condensing the head and tail. 2 molecules of C5 by phenyl transferase transformed into Geranyl pyrophosphate (C10) or GPP. GPP as substrate monoterpenoid synthesis and biosynthesis of monoterpenoid precursors.

MONOTERPENOID

It has been known for more than 100 terpenoids produced naturally, many of which have been isolated from higher plants. Monoterpenoid found in a number of marine organisms, insects, and plants. Typical properties of monoterpenoid is volatile and distinctive smell. These compounds are found mainly in plants that have a distinctive smell, so banak used sebgai kompnen of perfumes and oils evaporate in produksid and the food industry as a flavor enhancer.

Monoterpenoid been classified into 35 different types of structures. Type of structure is most common adlah myrcane acyclic, monocyclic p-menthane, and bicyclic bornane, cirane, tenchane, pinane, and thujan. While many monoterpenoid derivatives of this class occurs naturally in its pure form in some plants, both enantiomers may be found. Case of (+) and (-)-alpha-pinene found in all kinds of pine.
Biosynthesis of monoterpenes starting a small lane which leads to another on the acyclic isoprenoid, intermediate C10 Geranyl Phosphate. Furthermore formed Farnesil Pyrophosphate (C15).

classification based on the n value.

Nama	Rumus	Sumber
Monoterpen	C10H16	Minyak Atsiri
Seskuiterpen	C15H24	Minyak Atsiri
Diterpen	C20H32	Resin Pinus
Triterpen	C30H48	Saponin, Damar
Tetraterpen	C40H64	Pigmen, Karoten
Politerpen	(C5H8)n  n  8	Karet Alam

one example of terpenoids is karet alam that contains politerpen.