TERPENOIDS

TERPENOID

Terpenoids are widely distributed and are found in higher plants. Terpenoids produced by fungi, marine organisms, and insects, and plants. Terpenoids is defined as the natural product structure is divided into a number of isoprene units, as it is also called the isoprenoid compounds (C5H8). Isoprene units prepared on asaetat through mevalonic acid pathway and is associated with a carbon chain containing two unsaturated bonds.

During the preparation of terpenoids, two isoprene units condenses between the head and tail. Terpenoids are composed of two classes of monoterpenoid compound isoprene form (C10H16). Sesquiterpenes (C15H24) is composed of 3 units of isoprene, diterpenoid (C20H32) is composed of 4 units of isoprene, sesterpen (C25H40) is composed of five isoprene, triterpenoids (C30H42) is made up of 6 units of isoprene, and tetraterpen (C40H64) is composed of eight isoprene.

Biosynthesis of Terpenoids

Biosynthesis by incorporation of 3 acetyl-CoA via 2 stages into (3S)-3-hydroxyl-3-methyl-glutaril-CoA (HMG-CoA). Furthermore, the reduction occurred HMG-CoA into (3R) mevalonic acid, then going decarboxylation to form isopentenilpirpphosphate (IPP) C5 form terpenoids such as isoprene in the active form. IPP isomerization to 3,3 dimethyl allyl pyrophosphate and then condensing the head and tail. 2 molecules of C5 by phenyl transferase transformed into Geranyl pyrophosphate (C10) or GPP. GPP as substrate monoterpenoid synthesis and biosynthesis of monoterpenoid precursors.

MONOTERPENOID

It has been known for more than 100 terpenoids produced naturally, many of which have been isolated from higher plants. Monoterpenoid found in a number of marine organisms, insects, and plants. Typical properties of monoterpenoid is volatile and distinctive smell. These compounds are found mainly in plants that have a distinctive smell, so banak used sebgai kompnen of perfumes and oils evaporate in produksid and the food industry as a flavor enhancer.

Monoterpenoid been classified into 35 different types of structures. Type of structure is most common adlah myrcane acyclic, monocyclic p-menthane, and bicyclic bornane, cirane, tenchane, pinane, and thujan. While many monoterpenoid derivatives of this class occurs naturally in its pure form in some plants, both enantiomers may be found. Case of (+) and (-)-alpha-pinene found in all kinds of pine.
Biosynthesis of monoterpenes starting a small lane which leads to another on the acyclic isoprenoid, intermediate C10 Geranyl Phosphate. Furthermore formed Farnesil Pyrophosphate (C15).

classification based on the n value.

Nama	Rumus	Sumber
Monoterpen	C10H16	Minyak Atsiri
Seskuiterpen	C15H24	Minyak Atsiri
Diterpen	C20H32	Resin Pinus
Triterpen	C30H48	Saponin, Damar
Tetraterpen	C40H64	Pigmen, Karoten
Politerpen	(C5H8)n  n  8	Karet Alam

one example of terpenoids is karet alam that contains politerpen.