MID TEST OF CHEMICAL NATURAL PRODUCTS

NAME : CHOIRUNNISA MAYARA
NIM     : RSA1C110013

   1.  How to convert a compound of natural ingredients that do not have the potential (inactive) can be made into superior compounds that have a high potential for biological activity. Give the example.

Answer:

The way to convert a compound of natural ingredients that do not have the potential (inactive) can be made into superior compounds that have a high potential for biological activity with try it out one on one, tested with a given treatment, and activates its functional groups.

One example of the compound is glikolat acid. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol. Produced the first compound is 7-hidroksikolesterol, after several reaction steps into cholic acid. This last compound has been activated by KoASH and then reacts with glycine changed to glikolat acid

   2.  Explain how the idea of a compound of natural ingredients that have a high biological potency and prospective for the benefit of sentient beings can be synthesized in the laboratory.

Answer:

To using natural products in laboratory, we have to extract the compounds first.

It can be extracted from plant with method:

-          Distillation of water vapor : water vapor distillation of water intended for quote containing crude oil evaporates or contain chemical components that have a high boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure. In this method steam is used to sum ​​up the bulbs and a small heating the water vapor evaporates back together oil evaporated and condensed by the condenser to form the molecules of liquid drip into the funnel reservoir filled with water.

-          Solvent extraction : solvent extraction, also known as water extraction is the best method of separation and popular. The main reason is the separation can be done either in a macro or micro level. The principle of this method is based on the distribution of the solvent with a certain ratio between the two are not mutually mixed solvents, such as benzene, carbon tetrachloride or chloroform. Its limitation is the solute can be transferred to the number berbada in both phases of solvent.

-          Fat adsorption : Adsorption is a process that occurs when a fluid, liquid or gas, is bound to a solid or liquid and eventually form a thin layer or film on its surface. In contrast to an absorption of fluid absorption by other fluids by forming a solution.

   3.  Explain the basic rules in choosing a solvent for the isolation and purification of a compound of natural ingredients. Give the example for 4 classes of compounds of natural products: terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids.

Answer:

Things to consider in the process of extraction is a compound that has the same polarity will be easier interested / dissolved by the solvent that has the same polarity. Related to the polarity of the solvent, there are three classes of solvents, namely:

- Polar solvents

Having a high level of polarity, suitable to extract polar compounds from plants. Polar solvents tend to be universally used because normally though polar, can still quote the compounds with lower levels of polarity. One example is the polar solvents: water, methanol, ethanol, acetic acid.

- Solvent semipolar

Semipolar solvent polarity has a lower rate than the polar solvent. Is a good solvent for semipolar compounds from plants. Examples of these solvents are: acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform

- Nonpolar solvents

Nonpolar solvents, almost completely polar. Is a good solvent to extract the compounds did not dissolve in polar solvents. The compound is better to extract different types of oils. Example: hexane, ether

Things that should be considered in selecting the solvent is selectivity, solvent properties, the ability to extract, non-toxic, easily vaporized, and relatively easy to obtain.

   4.  Explain the basic starting point for the determination of the structure of an organic compound. eg compounds of natural ingredients is caffeine. Put forward your ideas subject matter whatever is needed to determine the overall structure

Answer:

The structure of an organic compounds can be determined with spectroscopy. There are several types of spectroscopy including:

a. Emission spectroscopy

Emission spectroscopy using a range of the electromagnetic spectrum in which a substance radiates (emits). The substance first must absorb energy. This energy can come from various sources, which specifies the name of the next emission, like luminescence. Molecular luminescence techniques include spectrofluorimetry.

b. Spectroscopies absorption

Absorption spectroscopy is a technique in which a beam of light power was measured before and after passing through a material in this technique there is the phenomenon of light absorption.

c. NMR Spectroscopy

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to the technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei. When placed in a magnetic field, NMR active nuclei (such as 1 H or 13 C) absorb the frequency characteristics of the isotope. The resonant frequency, energy absorption and the signal intensity is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. For example, in 21 tesla magnetic field, protons resonate at a frequency of 900 MHz. It is common to refer to the 21 T magnet as a 900 MHz magnet, although different nuclei resonate at different frequencies at this field strength. In the core of the earth's magnetic field resonates at the same frequency audio. This effect is used in the Earth's field NMR spectrometers and other instruments. Because these instruments are portable and inexpensive, they are often used to teach and study the field.

d. Infrared Spectroscopy

Infrared spectroscopy is one of the many tools used to identify compounds, both natural and artificial. In the field of physics of materials, such as polymeric materials, infrared is also used to characterize the sample. One obstacle that makes it difficult to identify compounds with infrared is the absence of standard rules to interpret the spectrum. Because of the complexity of interactions in the vibrations of molecules in a compound and external effects that are often difficult to control are no longer appropriate theoretical predictions. Knowledge in this case largely empirically derived and experience.

Near infrared spectroscopy (IMD) based on the effects of molecular overtone and combination vibrations. Two transition effects "forbidden" in the rules of the ban on quantum mechanics. As a result, the molar absorptivity in the near infrared region is quite small.

In caffeine, the structure can be determined with infrared spectroscopy, the typical absorption data from multiple functional groups, or by comparison with a standard IR spectrum of caffeine. From the results of spectroscopic compound then can be structured through a cluster-Sugus functions contained therein. Another method to determine the structure through mixed melting point test, the use of derivatives solids, comparison of physical properties, as well as qualitative reactions.